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Tufa Wall of Ostia
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Tufa Wall of Ostia

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This close-up of Ostia’s oldest wall (late 4th–early 3rd cc. BC) reveals volcanic tufa blocks laid without mortar in early Roman fashion. The square holes may have housed clamps or scaffolding. This construction reflects Rome’s early military architecture and marks Ostia’s foundation as a strategic stronghold at the mouth of the Tiber.
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