Detail from Retablo de la IndependenciaJuan O'Gorman

This mural detail (1960–61) dramatizes colonial brutality during Mexico’s struggle for independence (1810–21). A near-nude man is tortured before Spanish troops and clergy, symbolizing oppression. At left appear insurgent leaders Miguel Hidalgo and José María Morelos, while nobles and clerics in bright dress embody privilege. The peasants and child at right embody the pueblo whose suffering and resilience fueled the revolt for freedom.