2003 © Maxim Tabachnik
Plato and Aristotle (detail)Raphael
At the heart of Raphael’s The School of Athens (1509–11), Plato and Aristotle embody two foundational modes of thought. Plato gestures upward, invoking transcendent ideals, while Aristotle extends his palm earthward, affirming empirical observation. Their texts, Timaeus and Ethics, underscore this intellectual dualism that shaped Western philosophy.
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