European Figures Who Shaped the World Bolívar Fought

This gallery shows European figures of the 18–19 cc. whose actions shaped the world Bolívar confronted: Maria Luisa of Parma and Charles III symbolized Bourbon decline; Ferdinand VII’s absolutism blocked reform; Louis XVI and Pompadour marked ancien-régime collapse; Pius VII faced imperial pressure; Napoleon and Joseph Bonaparte shattered Spanish authority, opening the path to independence.